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March 10, 2003
Legislative Program Review and Investigations Committee
by Fredric K.
Schroeder, Ph.D.
INTRODUCTION
Mr. Chairman and members of
the Committee, my name is Fredric Schroeder. I am a research professor
at San Diego State University working in the area of vocational rehabilitation.
Under the Clinton Administration, I served as the Commissioner of the
Rehabilitation Services Administration which is the Federal agency for
support and oversight of State rehabilitation agencies including the Connecticut
Board of Education and Services for the Blind. Prior to my time serving
as Commissioner, I worked for eight years as the director of the New Mexico
Commission for the Blind which is the counterpart agency to the Board
of Education and Services for the Blind for providing blindness related
services in that State. I have also worked as a special education administrator
and have held state and national offices in organizations of the blind.
I am here today to urge you not to reorganize State services for the blind
by moving services presently administered by the Board of Education and
Services for the Blind into other agencies of State government. It is
my understanding that the Legislature is seeking to address a number of
concerns with the current operations of the agency through this reorganization.
You are to be commended for your serious attention to the needs of blind
people in Connecticut. Nevertheless, it is my professional opinion, supported
by data and experience, that moving the Board of Education and Services
for the Blind into the Department of Social Services and moving its educational
services to the State Department of Education will make it unlikely that
blind people in the State will have the opportunity to receive the services
and training they need to become productive, integrated members of society.
ADVANTAGES OF SEPARATE AGENCIES
FOR THE BLIND
There are many reasons why blind people support separate agencies for
the blind. In general separate agencies for the blind offer two major
advantages: they bring together all services needed by blind people in
a coordinated way; and, they are more subject to political pressure brought
forth by blind people in the State.
When services for the blind are part of a larger agency, they do not have
the same focus or visibility as they have in separate agencies for the
blind. The blindness programs must compete with the other programs of
the larger agency. The blind program has virtually no profile with the
legislature. The director of blind services generally does not defend
his or her budget and, if he or she does, it is after the budget has been
approved by the parent agency. These are some of the functional problems
associated with inclusion in a larger agency, but, the real problem is
that blind people are a small voice in the affairs of the larger agency.
Blind people seeking change do not have a viable way of bringing serious
attention to their concerns under an umbrella, super-agency structure.
Typically, the Secretary of the umbrella agency has no background or experience
in blindness and has little time to devote to affairs of the blind.
As a separate agency, blind people in the state can meet with a director
whose sole responsibility is services for the blind. If the director is
unresponsive, blind people can take their complaints to the Board and,
if the Board is unresponsive, they can press the Governor to make changes
in the agency's leadership. This is the method that has proven to be the
most effective in insuring quality services in States throughout the Nation.
It may be argued that an agency's structure cannot guarantee responsive
treatment of blind people. Of course, responsiveness is, in many respects,
a product of the individuals involved. While this is true, the separate
agency structure has proven time and time again to create the environment
in which services flourish and become responsive and effective.
THE NEW MEXICO EXPERIENCE
After more than twenty years of effort to reform services for the blind
in New Mexico, blind people led the effort to restructure services for
the blind in the State. Prior to that time, blind services were part of
a larger agency and, more to the point, they were very poor. Few blind
people in the State found work at all. Few had the skills such as Braille
or cane travel they needed to train for or find employment. Few had the
confidence to believe that work was possible. As a result, services for
the blind in New Mexico were ranked among the worst in the Nation.
In 1986, a separate agency for the blind was created-the New Mexico Commission
for the Blind. In a relatively short time, services improved until, eight
years later when I left the State to move to Washington to assume my position
as Commissioner of the Rehabilitation Services Administration, services
for blind people in the State were the best in the Nation. How do I know
this? The New Mexico Commission for the Blind was ranked higher than any
other State rehabilitation agency in terms of the wages earned by blind
clients-even though New Mexico is one of the poorest States in the country.
The proportion of blind people who earned enough to eliminate their need
for Social Security disability benefits was three times higher than the
average of blind people in other States. College enrollment of blind people
was much greater than college enrollment of blind people in other States,
and blind people in the State, for the first time, had confidence and
hope for the future.
These are the data. They speak to a system that, by its very structure,
worked in partnership with the blind of the State and supported their
belief in their right and ability to become self-supporting, contributing
members of society. Could this happen under an umbrella structure? Perhaps
so, but, it didn't. It didn't in New Mexico and it hasn't anywhere else.
I recognize that you are seeking to make change that will strengthen services
for the blind in Connecticut, but, moving the Board of Education and Services
for the Blind under an umbrella agency that is only tangentially related
to its mission will serve to further weaken services in the State.
NATIONAL DATA SUPPORTING SEPARATE
AGENCIES FOR THE BLIND
National data show that blind
people served through separate agencies for the blind are nearly twice
as likely to be self-supporting at closure. A study concerning the efficacy
of separate programs for the blind has recently been published by Cavenaugh,
Giesen, and Pierce at Mississippi State University. Based on an analysis
of Rehabilitation Services Administration (RSA) national data, they found
that, when compared to the more generic combined state rehabilitation
agencies, separate agencies for the blind served people who are more socially
and economically disadvantaged, have more severe visual impairments, and
have more secondary disabilities.
Of all visually impaired individuals, separate agencies for the blind
accept a larger percentage of legally blind people, 52 percent versus
42 percent in combined agencies. Separate agencies for the blind provide
more comprehensive services, that is, more services to people with the
most severe visual impairments, and separate agencies for the blind invest
on average 61 percent more money in training and other services, $3,597
versus $2,241 in combined agencies. With such a strikingly greater investment,
it is not surprising that separate agencies for the blind have a higher
rehabilitation rate; that is, they are successful with a higher percentage
of people who are accepted for and receive rehabilitation services. And
separate agencies close a lower percentage of legally blind people as
non-wage earning homemakers; and perhaps most significant, (as mentioned
above) people served by separate agencies for the blind are nearly twice
as likely to be self-supporting at closure.
The finding of better wages is supported by a recent analysis by Cavenaugh
of fiscal year 1996 national data. The analysis concluded that the competitive
employment rate of legally blind clients was significantly higher in separate
agencies for the blind. These findings and other studies argue for a policy
of continued support, in fact, a policy of increased support for separate
agencies for the blind.
RECOMMENDATIONS:
1. Maintain A Separate Blind Agency
Blind people have unique needs that are best addressed by specialized
services provided through separate agencies for the blind. Moving various
programs to different agencies within State government will result in
a lack of coordination of needed services and will not address the current
administrative problems facing the Agency.
2. Policy Board
Currently, the Board of Education and Services for the Blind has a Board,
appointed by the Governor. In practice the Board has advisory authority
only. This means that blind people in Connecticut do not have an effective
way of pressing for change within the agency. The Legislature should consider
vesting policy authority in the Board and should consider giving the Board
the responsibility of hiring and firing the director. This will strengthen
the responsive nature of the agency and make it more accountable to its
constituents.
3. Partnership With Blind People
There has been a long history of blind people supporting separate agencies
for the blind. But to gain and maintain that support requires the agency
for the blind to win the confidence and trust and, most important, the
loyalty of blind people in the state. Rehabilitation agencies must believe
in blind people and must recognize that the blind of the state must have
a real voice in shaping the programs and services of the agency--a partnership
resulting in good jobs with good wages and with good upward mobility potential.
4. How Best to Address Current Administrative Problems
It is reasonable, in fact commendable for the Legislature to seek solutions
to the administrative problems which have plagued the Board of Education
and Services for the Blind for many years. Nevertheless, the administration
of an agency cannot be viewed independent of its programmatic functions.
The Legislature should not sacrifice the organizational structure that
gives the agency the best chance of success. Rather than a new structure-moving
the Board of Education and Services for the Blind into the Department
of Social Services where it will become only a very small part of an agency
with a much broader mission--the present structure should be strengthened.
This should be done by a review of the agency's operations within the
context of the agency's programmatic responsibilities. It is recommended
that a review of the administrative structure be conducted by a team of
experts who are well versed and experienced in the operations of effective
programs for the blind in other States and who have the administrative
background to make recommendations that will give the Board of Education
and Services for the Blind greater accountability and will improve the
effectiveness of its services.
SUMMARY
Connecticut is in jeopardy of deluding services for the blind of the State
if it pursues the plan to eliminate the separate agency structure. National
data show that, on every important measure, separate agencies are superior
in helping blind people to become self-supporting. Of course, the Legislature
is not proposing eliminating employment training or other services. Rather,
SB-967 reorganizes services for the blind. The Governor's proposed budget
for the biennium beginning July 1, 2003 would transfer funding for children's
services to the State Board of Education and the agency's other programs
to the Department of Social Services. Nevertheless, in so doing, the State
is in danger of eliminating the very thing that has distinguished effective
programs for the blind in other States-a sole focus on programs for the
blind within a structure that allows for maximum responsiveness and accountability
to the blind of the State. Blind people in Connecticut need and deserve
the opportunity to receive services from an agency that believes in their
capacity and is responsive to their needs and priorities. By its very
design the separate agency structure allows for continuity of services
and responds to the particular needs of blind people in the State. I strongly
urge the Committee to vote no on SB-967 and work to strengthen the structure
of the existing system to make it more responsive and accountable to the
blind of Connecticut.
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